After repeated military defeats by the European colonial powers and Imperial Japan in the 19th century, Chinese reformers began promoting modern science and technology as part of the Self-Strengthening Movement. After the Communists came to power in 1949, efforts were made to organize science and technology based on the model of the Soviet Union, in which scientific research was part of central planning. [378] After Mao's death in 1976, science and technology were promoted as one of the Four Modernizations, [379] and the Soviet-inspired academic system was gradually reformed. [380] Modern era Main articles: Sport in China, China at the Olympics, and China at the Paralympics Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent, and which was invented in China more than 2,500 years ago. Zhi, Chen (9 November 2004). "From Exclusive Xia to Inclusive Zhu-Xia: The Conceptualisation of Chinese Identity in Early China". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 14 (3): 185–205. doi: 10.1017/S135618630400389X. Main article: Demographics of China Population density map of the People's Republic of China (2000)

Wei, Changhao (11 March 2018). "Annotated Translation: 2018 Amendment to the P.R.C. Constitution (Version 2.0)". NPC Observer . Retrieved 2019-08-22. Under the succeeding Tang and Song dynasties, Chinese economy, technology, and culture entered a golden age. [60] The Tang dynasty retained control of the Western Regions and the Silk Road, [61] which brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa, [62] and made the capital Chang'an a cosmopolitan urban center. However, it was devastated and weakened by the An Lushan rebellion in the 8th century. [63] In 907, the Tang disintegrated completely when the local military governors became ungovernable. The Song dynasty ended the separatist situation in 960, leading to a balance of power between the Song and the Liao dynasty. The Song was the first government in world history to issue paper money and the first Chinese polity to establish a permanent navy which was supported by the developed shipbuilding industry along with the sea trade. [64]Goucher, Candice; Walton, Linda (2013). World History: Journeys from Past to Present – Volume 1: From Human Origins to 1500 CE. Routledge. p.108. ISBN 978-1-135-08822-4. Holmes, Leslie (2009). Communism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p.32. ISBN 978-0-19-955154-5. Most estimates of the number of Chinese dead are in the range of 15 to 30 million. Main articles: People's Liberation Army and Paramilitary forces of China Chengdu J-20 5th generation stealth fighter

Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and markets the communist roots of Chinese enterprise. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. Further information: Chinese Soviet Republic; Proclamation of the People's Republic of China; Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan; Taiwan, China; and Cultural Revolution The founding ceremony of the People's Republic of China was held at 3:00 pm on October 1, 1949. The picture above shows Mao Zedong's announcement of the founding of the People's Republic of China in Tiananmen Square. [104] Main articles: Education in China, Higher education in China, and List of universities in China Beijing's Peking University, one of the top-ranked universities in China [492] [493] On 1 October 1949, CCP Chairman Mao Zedong formally proclaimed the People's Republic of China in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. [106] In 1950, the People's Liberation Army captured Hainan from the ROC [107] and annexed Tibet. [108] However, remaining Kuomintang forces continued to wage an insurgency in western China throughout the 1950s. [109] The CIA World Factbook lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km 2, [14] and the United States as the third-largest at 9,833,517 km 2. [15]See also: List of cities in China, List of cities in China by population, and Megalopolises in China Map of the ten largest cities in China (2010) a b Phillips, Tom (24 October 2017). "Xi Jinping becomes most powerful leader since Mao with China's change to constitution". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24 . Retrieved 2017-10-24. The area given is the official United Nations figure for the mainland and excludes Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. [3] It also excludes the Trans-Karakoram Tract (5,180km 2 (2,000sqmi)), Aksai Chin (38,000km 2 (15,000sqmi)) and other territories in dispute with India. The total area of China is listed as 9,572,900km 2 (3,696,100sqmi) by the Encyclopædia Britannica. [4] For further information, see Territorial changes of the People's Republic of China. a b "Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). UN Statistics. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-24 . Retrieved 2010-07-31.

Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (15 November 2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. Yale University Press. doi: 10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. The National People's Congress (NPC), the nearly 3,000-member legislature, is constitutionally the "highest state organ of power", [192] though it has been also described as a " rubber stamp" body. [205] The NPC meets annually, while the NPC Standing Committee, around 150 members elected from NPC delegates, meets every couple of months. [205] Elections are indirect and not pluralistic, with nominations at all levels being controlled by the CCP. [195] The NPC is dominated by the CCP, with another eight minor parties having nominal representation under the condition of upholding CCP leadership. [206] Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors. Thames & Hudson. p.136. ISBN 0-500-05090-2. Tan, Huileng (31 October 2017). "China wrote Belt and Road Initiative into the party constitution. That makes it riskier than ever". CNBC . Retrieved 2020-01-11.Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276. Stanford University Press. 1962. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8047-0720-6. Chow, Gregory (2006) Are Chinese Official Statistics Reliable? CESifo Economic Studies 52. 396–414. 10.1093/cesifo/ifl003. International Energy Agency (24 February 2022). "Oil Market and Russian Supply – Russian supplies to global energy markets". IEA . Retrieved 2022-04-27. China is the second-largest country in the world by land area after Russia, [u] and the third or fourth largest country in the world by total area. [v] China's total area is generally stated as being approximately 9,600,000km 2 (3,700,000sqmi). [189] Specific area figures range from 9,572,900km 2 (3,696,100sqmi) according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, [190] to 9,596,961km 2 (3,705,407sqmi) according to the UN Demographic Yearbook, [3] and The World Factbook. [6]

See also: Renewable energy in China, Water resources of China, Energy policy of China, and Climate change in China The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world. Main article: Chinese literature The stories in Journey to the West are common themes in Peking opera. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the total area of the United States, at 9,522,055km 2 (3,676,486sqmi), is slightly smaller than that of China. Meanwhile, the CIA World Factbook states that China's total area was greater than that of the United States until the coastal waters of the Great Lakes was added to the United States' total area in 1996. From 1989 through 1996, the total area of US was listed as 9,372,610km 2 (3,618,780sqmi) (land area plus inland water only). The listed total area changed to 9,629,091km 2 (3,717,813sqmi) in 1997 (with the Great Lakes areas and the coastal waters added), to 9,631,418km 2 (3,718,711sqmi) in 2004, to 9,631,420km 2 (3,718,710sqmi) in 2006, and to 9,826,630km 2 (3,794,080sqmi) in 2007 (territorial waters added).

INNY RODZAJ UMOWY (WORKER)

Notably, the Encyclopædia Britannica specifies the United States' area (excluding coastal and territorial waters) as 9,525,067 km 2, which is less than either source's figure given for China's area. [13] Therefore, while it can be determined that China has a larger area excluding coastal and territorial waters, it is unclear which country has a larger area including coastal and territorial waters. Clear data on religious affiliation in China is difficult to gather due to varying definitions of "religion" and the unorganized, diffusive nature of Chinese religious traditions. Scholars note that in China there is no clear boundary between three teachings religions and local folk religious practice. [539] A 2015 poll conducted by Gallup International found that 61% of Chinese people self-identified as "convinced atheist", [546] though Chinese religions or some of their strands are definable as non-theistic and humanistic religions, since they do not believe that divine creativity is completely transcendent, but it is inherent in the world and in particular in the human being. [547] According to a 2014 study, approximately 74% are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk belief, 16% are Buddhists, 2% are Christians, 1% are Muslims, and 8% adhere to other religions including Taoists and folk salvationism. [548] In addition to Han people's local religious practices, there are also various ethnic minority groups who maintain their indigenous religions. Folk religions today comprise 2–3% of the population, while Confucianism as a religious self-identification is common within the intellectual class. Significant faiths specifically connected to certain ethnic groups include Tibetan Buddhism and the Islamic religion of the Hui, Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and other peoples in Northwest China. [ citation needed] According to the Palestinian and Saudi ambassadors to China in 2021, the country has at least 50,000 mosques. [549] Ben Cowling, an epidemiologist at Hong Kong University, told Reuters: “It is just a relatively large seasonal surge, perhaps partly due to chance and partly because there’s a bit of ‘immunity debt’ from the lesser winter surges in the last three years”. The National Health and Family Planning Commission, together with its counterparts in the local commissions, oversees the health needs of the population. [512] An emphasis on public health and preventive medicine has characterized Chinese health policy since the early 1950s. The Communist Party started the Patriotic Health Campaign, which was aimed at improving sanitation and hygiene, as well as treating and preventing several diseases. Diseases such as cholera, typhoid and scarlet fever, which were previously rife in China, were nearly eradicated by the campaign. [513]