Cao, Y. et al. Potent neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 identified by high-throughput single-cell sequencing of convalescent patients’ B cells. Cell 182, 73� Portions of fresh food should be as small as your hamster's ear. Suitable fresh foods include most vegetables, mealworms, lean cooked meat and boiled egg. Syrian hamsters can have small pieces of fruit as an occasional treat. Treats

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To test the genetic stability of the YF-S0 vaccine virus, virus supernatants recovered from transfected BHK-21J cells (P0) were plaque-purified once (P1) and serially passaged on BHK-21J cells (P3–P6). Furthermore, the genetic stability of 25 plaque isolates from a second round of plaque purification were analysed after amplification (P4*). No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample size. The experiments were not randomized, and investigators were not blinded to allocation during experiments and outcome assessment. GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software) was used for all statistical evaluations. The number of animals and independent experiments that were performed is indicated in the figure legends. Statistical significance was determined using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test and Kruskal–Wallis test if not otherwise stated. Values were considered significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Reporting summary a b c d Logsdail, Chris; Logsdail, Peter; Hovers, Kate (2002). Hamsterlopaedia: a complete guide to hamster care. Lydney: Ringpress. p.161. ISBN 978-1860542466. For mice and hamsters, sample sizes were chosen based on the results of pilot experiments. Pivotal studies have been performed in at least two independent biological repeats. In the case of macaques, statistical power calculations considered the number of macaques required to detect significant induction of immune responses compared to nonvaccinated controls. With groups of n = 6, a vaccine efficacy >85% can be demonstrated ( α = 0.05, β = 0.2 (power = 80%), normal distribution). Allocation of experimental groups was done randomly. Analysis of animal samples was performed blinded, except for ELISpot (machine-based counting), flow cytometry (gates defined on negative control samples, identical gates for all groups) and survival data (predefined humane end points). Immunization and infection of hamsters

The presence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 particles in hamster lung homogenates was quantified by RT–qPCR 2. In brief, for quantification of viral RNA levels and gene expression after challenge, RNA was extracted from homogenized organs using the NucleoSpin Kit Plus (Macherey-Nagel), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Reactions were performed using the iTaq Universal Probes One-Step RT–qPCR kit (BioRad), with primers and probes (Integrated DNA Technologies) listed in Supplementary Table 1. The relative RNA fold-change was calculated with the 2 −ΔΔ C q method 63 using housekeeping gene β-actin for normalization. For detection of vaccine virus in blood, RNA from 50 μl of serum was extracted with the NucleoSpin RNA virus kit (Macherey-Nagel). Primers and probe were derived from the yellow fever virus nonstructural gene 3, and are shown in Supplementary Table 1. RT–qPCR was performed using the ABI 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). For absolute quantification, standard curves were generated using fivefold dilutions of a cDNA plasmid template (plasmid pShuttle/YFV-17D 14, 34) of known concentration. On the basis of repeated standard curves, the lower limit of detection was established at 8,900 copies per ml, corresponding to a C t value of 35. C t values above 35 were considered below the limit of detection and represented as the square root of the lower limit of detection. End-point virus titrations Moreover, YF-S0 has a markedly improved safety profile over YF17D in several models (Extended Data Fig. 3), and is well-tolerated in hamsters (Extended Data Fig. 3) and nonhuman primates. Notably, updated WHO (World Health Organization) recommendations endorse the general use of YF17D in all people aged nine months or older who live in areas at risk 47—including elderly individuals and persons with underlying medical conditions 16, 47. Our data therefore suggest that YF-S0 might also be safe for those persons who are most vulnerable to COVID-19. Cell-mediated immune responses studied in mice further revealed that YF-S0 favours a T H1 cell response, which is relevant as a skewed T H2 cell polarization may cause an induction and dysregulation of alternatively activated wound-healing monocytes and macrophages 35, 36, 37 that results in an overshooting inflammatory response (the cytokine storm), which leads to acute lung injury 38, 48. No indication of such a disease enhancement or of antibody-dependent enhancement 49 via Fcγ-receptor-mediated mechanisms 50 was observed in any of our models. Hamsters do not have sweat glands and are unable to pant, so they do not have an efficient method of heat removal. This makes hamsters prone to heat stress and therefore should be kept in a cool area of the house during summer months. Your hamster’s environment should be between 75°-85°F and 40%-60% humidity. Start by placing your hand in their cage so they can sniff and get used to you, then gently stroke them Six- to ten-week-old male and female Ifnar −/− mice, six- to eight-week-old male and female AG129 mice and six- to eight-week-old female wild-type hamsters were used throughout the study. For vaccine safety studies, equal amounts of age-matched male and female wild-type, as well as STAT2 −/− hamsters, were used. Macaques

Hamsters Symptoms of and Dealing With Uterine Problems in Hamsters

ELISpot assays for the detection of IFNγ-secreting mouse splenocytes were performed with mouse IFNγ kit (ImmunoSpot MIFNG-1M/5, CTL Europe). IFNγ spots were visualized by stepwise addition of a biotinylated detection antibody, a streptavidin-enzyme conjugate and the substrate. Spots were counted using an ImmunoSpot S6 Universal Reader (CTL Europe) and normalized by subtracting spots numbers from control samples (incubated with non-infected Vero E6 cell lysates) from the spot numbers of corresponding stimulated samples. Negative values were corrected to zero. RT–qPCR for transcription factor profile When seen from above, a sexually mature female hamster has a trim tail line; a male's tail line bulges on both sides. This might not be very visible in all species. Male hamsters typically have very large testes in relation to their body size. Before sexual maturity occurs, it is more difficult to determine a young hamster's sex. When examined, female hamsters have their anal and genital openings close together, whereas males have these two holes farther apart (the penis is usually withdrawn into the coat and thus appears as a hole or pink pimple). [3] Gestation and fecundity Fruits are very high in sugar, so be sure not to overfeed your hamster. Fruit should be given in conjunction with high-fibre feeding pellets and other parts of their diet – never as a substitute. Lebedev, V. S., N. V. Ivanova, N. K. Pavlova, and A. B. Poltoraus. 2003. Molecular phylogeny of the Palearctic hamsters. In Proceedings of the International Conference Devoted to the 90th Anniversary of Prof. I. M. Gromov on Systematics, Phylogeny and Paleontology of Small Mammals (A. Averianov and N. Abramson eds.). St. Petersburg. This is not to say that there are no pet hamsters that were captured as wild hamsters and domesticated. Species that are easier to find and have more docile temperaments are easier to domesticate; therefore, they may be captured and domesticated before being delivered to a pet store rather than bred, but this is still rather rare. Additionally, there are several protected wild hamster species where capture and domestication practices would be frowned upon and even prohibited. Do Hamsters Still Live in the Wild?No, you are not going to find a wild hamster in America. Of the 18 or more hamster species known in the world today, none of them are native to the United States. Additionally, while different breeds of hamsters have been brought over to America as pets and domesticated animals, none have been brought over and released as wild hamsters. If this were to happen and they were able to successfully survive and reproduce, they would be considered an invasive species and could mess up the food chain/ecosystem. What Happens If You Release a Hamster into the Wild? The ideal home for a hamster is housing no smaller than 100cm x 50cm floor space, by 50cm tall. The bigger the better as hamsters love to explore and roam. How often you clean the cage will depend on the size of the cage and if they use a specific area to toilet. Usually once or twice a month will do.

Hamster behaviour explained | Burgess Pet Care Hamster behaviour explained | Burgess Pet Care

Notes on the current distribution and the ecology of wild golden hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus), R. Gattermann, P. Fritzsche, K. Neumann, I. Al-Hussein, A. Kayser, M. Abiadand R. Yakti. The name "hamster" is a loanword from the German, which itself derives from earlier Middle High German hamastra. It is possibly related to Old Church Slavonic khomestoru, which is either a blend of the root of Russian хомяк ( khomyak) "hamster" and a Baltic word (cf. Lithuanian staras "hamster"); [9] or of Persian origin (cf. Av hamaēstar "oppressor"). [10] The collective noun for a group of hamsters is "horde". [11] In German, the verb "hamstern" is derived from "Hamster". It means " Hoarding". [12] Description Skeleton of European hamster The best-known species of hamster is the golden or Syrian hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus), which is the type most commonly kept as pets. There are numerous Syrian hamster variations including long-haired varieties and different colors. British zoologist Leonard Goodwin claimed most hamsters kept in the United Kingdom were descended from the colony he introduced for medical research purposes during the Second World War. [26] Hamsters were domesticated and kept as pets in the United States at least as early as 1942. [27] A spacious hamster cage made from a display cabinet A deep enough solid base to accommodate 25cm (10 inches) of suitable bedding for burrowing, sleeping and storing food – read more about suitable bedding for hamsters below

Recycled paper products are the most comfortable and commonly used bedding. It is recommended that you do not use any cedar/pine shavings, or corncob byproduct, as it may attribute to health problems in your hamster. Aharoni and his crew also hoped that the Syrian hamster would make a good replacement for the Chinese hamster in lab research since the Chinese hamster had proven to be hard to breed and care for.

Hamster - Wikipedia

Dwarf Campbell Russian hamsters (Phodopus Campbelli) are well known to be among the more social hamster breeds, and generally live happily in pairs and groups. Groups and pairings should be formed while they are still young, as hamsters do not usually tolerate the introduction of later additions. Although they do tame up relatively well with regular careful handling, they are not considered to be as personable as the Syrian hamster, and may nip or bite if frightened or handled roughly. The dwarf Campbell Russian hamster, like the Syrian hamster, is nocturnal, although they are sometimes active for short periods of time during the day. As the name implies, this dwarf variety of hamster is very small, only growing to a maximum size of approximately four inches. The most common colour found in the wild and in most captive bred dwarf Campbell Russian hamsters is brownish grey, with a darker line of colour running along the spine. Selective breeding programmes mean that nowadays the dwarf Campbell Russian hamster can also be found in other colour variants too. This variety of hamster lives on average for up to two years. The Dwarf Winter White Russian Hamster Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 need to be safe and to result rapidly (ideally after one single dose) in long-lasting protective immunity. We report encouraging results from YF-S0, a YF17D-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate that induces robust immune responses in hamsters, mice and macaques. Because SARS-CoV-2 replicates extensively in the lungs of infected hamsters and results in major lung pathology 2, 23, 24, 25, we selected this model to assess vaccine efficacy. YF-S0 resulted in protection against stringent SARS-CoV-2 challenge that was comparable—if not more vigorous—to that of other vaccine candidates in nonhuman primate models 12, 27, 28, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46. At least in some of the YF-S0-vaccinated hamsters (4 out of 12), no anamnestic response in NAb levels after SARS-CoV-2 challenge was observed—this suggests that sterilizing immunity, similar to that conferred by YF17D vaccination 29, 30, can be achieved. In hamsters challenged 3 weeks after a single 10 4-PFU dose vaccination, no infectious virus was detected in the lungs. Considering the severity of the model, it is also notable that no infectious virus was recovered in several hamsters that were challenged 10 days after vaccination. A reduction of viral replication mitigated lung pathology, with normalization of biomarkers—such as IL-6—that are associated with infection and disease (Fig. 1, Extended Data Fig. 5). The vaccination of macaques with a relatively low subcutaneous dose of YF-S0 led to rapid seroconversion to high NAb titres (Fig. 3). It is tempting to speculate that this encouraging potency may translate into a simple one-shot dosing regimen for clinical use in humans.Female hamsters are also particularly sensitive to disturbances while giving birth, and may even eat their own young if they think they are in danger, although sometimes they are just carrying the pups in their cheek pouches. [7] If captive female hamsters are left for extended periods (three weeks or more) with their litter, they may cannibalize the litter, so the litter must be removed by the time the young can feed and drink independently. Hamsters are mainly herbivorous, eating primarily vegetable matter. The large cheek pouch of hamsters enables them to carry large quantities of food in their mouths. This adaptation is useful for the environment which they live where food occurs irregularly but in great abundance. SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS Hamsters enjoy fresh fruit and vegetables but like to bury their food. Give them tiny portions to minimise the amount left to decompose and remove uneaten food daily. Although the Syrian hamster or golden hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus) was first described scientifically by George Robert Waterhouse in 1839, researchers were not able to successfully breed and domesticate hamsters until 1939. [3] The entire laboratory and pet populations of Syrian hamsters appear to be descendants of a single brother–sister pairing. These littermates were captured and imported in 1930 from Aleppo in Syria by Israel Aharoni, a zoologist of the University of Jerusalem. [7] In Jerusalem, the hamsters bred very successfully. Years later, animals of this original breeding colony were exported to the United States, where Syrian hamsters became a common pet and laboratory animal. Comparative studies of domestic and wild Syrian hamsters have shown reduced genetic variability in the domestic strain. However, the differences in behavioral, chronobiological, morphometrical, hematological, and biochemical parameters are relatively small and fall into the expected range of interstrain variations in other laboratory animals. [8] Etymology