To validate the reliability of the telemetry method, blood glucose levels were measured at different time points and with or without various challenges 1 week after device implantation. During the study, 187 blood glucose parameters were collected by both telemetry and glucometer methods in normoglycemic ( n = 3) and diabetic ( n = 2) monkeys. The blood glucose levels measured by the telemetry method were highly correlated with those read by the glucometer (Fig. 1d, Y = 0.9804 x + 3.2753, R² = 0.9466, p< 0.001), which suggests that the telemetry method with the implantable HD-XG device is reliable for continuous blood glucose monitoring. Blood glucose fluctuations during daily activities

The Dark Magic Inflatable Thrusting Machine looks like it could be a simple inflatable lounger with really good leg support–that is until you notice the remote control that controls motor thrusting toys for a realistic experience while you’re going solo. The survey aimed to obtain an overview of current practice, including the equipment and methods used for preparing monkeys for chair restraint procedures, the challenges involved, and plans for improvement. Responses were received from 101 laboratories in the academic, government, contract research and pharmaceutical industry sectors in the Americas (62), Europe (33) and Asia (6).An implanted HD-XG glucose electrode continuously sensed the blood glucose and recorded the electrical signals during a study. After calibration with the glucose levels measured by the Nova StatStrip Glucose Meter (Nova ® Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA), the recorded electrical signals were converted to glucose concentrations. In the meantime, blood glucose concentrations during various glucose tests or drug challenges were also measured by the Nova StatStrip Glucose Meter to further validate telemetry data if needed. It says the chair includes an adapter so you can attach your favorite toys but I’m not seeing images of what that looks like. Hansen BC (2012) Investigation and treatment of type 2 diabetes in nonhuman primates. Methods Mol Biol 933:177–185 That’s where inflatable toys like Dark Magic come in. It inflates into this lounger (a foot pump is provided to blow it up) which holds the thrusting motor exactly where you need it. There are bolsters built in to prop your legs up and there is space on either side of these bolsters for your legs if you want to flip over on your knees. The monkeys housed in our animal facility were fed twice per day. The postprandial increase in blood glucose was very minor with a few small fluctuations after morning feeding and was more obvious with one main peak after afternoon feeding (Fig. 4a). This pattern of food intake in NHPs differs from humans. Generally speaking, humans complete their meals in a certain period of time (most likely less than 1 h). Blood glucose increase after a meal is more obvious and relatively predictable in humans. However, most of our housed monkeys might not complete their meals in a relatively short period of time, especially after morning feeding. The monkeys could eat and play with their food for quite a while, which initiated those small fluctuations of blood glucose after morning feeding (Fig. 4a). Postprandial increase in blood glucose was more obvious with one main peak after afternoon feeding. This peak potentially indicated the change of the housed monkey behavior. They were smart to intake enough food before 7 pm as the access became difficult after light off. This postprandial blood glucose pattern in housed NHPs also resulted from the advantage of the implantable telemetry device which did not affect animal normal behavior.

To make it extra spicy, there’s a slot in the center of the seat where you can put an insertable toy and then sit your sub right down on it and hold them there with the restraints. The chair comes with a toy to start with that fits the slot but be warned that it’s quite realistic if that’s not your general toy preference. You’re really only limited here by your imagination. Plus the chair is easy to assemble and then take apart again for storage. It’s built to hold up to 300 pounds.Hansen BC, Bodkin NL (1993) Standardization of IVGTT. Importance of method used to calculate glucose disappearance. Diabetes Care 16(5):847 With the addition of short lengths of chain, you can even create the 3D shapes shown in the images above by attaching the board to itself. Your flat bondage surface becomes a spanking chair or supportive wedge to bend a submissive over for all sorts of play.

It also has a hole on top of it where you can insert a vibe or other toy and you can use it as a mountable chair or stand it up on its side flat against the headboard. Multi-point calibrations were needed to establish a linear relationship between the sensor outputs and blood glucose levels at the beginning of initial data collection and also at the end of the study. During calibration, the blood glucose levels should differ by at least 100 mg/dL to minimize calibration errors due to the inaccuracy of glucose reference. Our study used intravenous injection of glucose to get multi-point calibrations. Single-point calibration

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Vashist SK (2013) Continuous glucose monitoring systems: a review. Diagnostics (Basel) 3(4):385–412 Stout PJ, Racchini JR, Hilgers ME (2004) A novel approach to mitigating the physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose measurements. Diabetes Technol Ther 6(5):635–644 Chatzigeorgiou A, Halapas A, Kalafatakis K, Kamper E (2009) The use of animal models in the study of diabetes mellitus. In Vivo 23(2):245–258 It’s plenty sturdy with real wood boards that are covered with high-density foam to protect hands and knees. The faux-leather cover is easy to clean which is essential.

The survey identified large variation in the types of chair used, the methods for transferring the monkey from the home environment into the chair, the time allowed to prepare the animals for chair restraint equipment before research procedures begin, and the roles of the personnel involved. For example, two-thirds of laboratories use an enclosed “box chair” design, where the monkey enters and is trained to extend his/her head through an opening on the top of the chair, and one-third use an “open chair” design, where manual handling or the pole-and-collar system is used to transfer and secure the animal into the chair.Gough DA, Kumosa LS, Routh TL, Lin JT, Lucisano JY (2010) Function of an implanted tissue glucose sensor for more than 1 year in animals. Sci Transl Med 2(42):42ra53 We make several recommendations for refining the use of chair restraint, such as greater discussion of training procedures between laboratories, more pre-study training based on positive reinforcement techniques, use of standard operating procedures to increase consistency in animal training and monitoring, and seeking advice from specialist training consultants. because NHPs can naturally develop Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) similarly to humans. This study was to investigate blood glucose changes in conscious, moving-free cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) during circadian, meal, stress and drug exposure. Materials and methods Porcellati F, Lucidi P, Bolli GB, Fanelli CG (2013) Thirty years of research on the dawn phenomenon: lessons to optimize blood glucose control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 36:3860–3862 Blood glucose circadian changes in normoglycemic monkeys significantly differed from that in diabetic animals. Postprandial glucose increase was more obvious after afternoon feeding. Moving a monkey from its housing cage to monkey chair increased blood glucose by 30% in both normoglycemic and diabetic monkeys. Such increase in blood glucose declined to the pre-procedure level in 30 min in normoglycemic animals and >2 h in diabetic monkeys. Oral gavage procedure alone caused hyperglycemia in both normoglycemic and diabetic monkeys. Intravenous injection with the stress hormones, angiotensin II (2 μg/kg) or norepinephrine (0.4 μg/kg), also increased blood glucose level by 30%. The glucose levels measured by the telemetry system correlated significantly well with glucometer readings during glucose tolerance tests (ivGTT or oGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), graded glucose infusion (GGI) and clamp. Conclusion