Snake Venom Extract Serum Capsule Anti-wrinkle Anti-aging, Fullerene Sheep Placenta Intensive Facial Serum, Skin Brightening Hydrating Firming Lifting (2pcs)

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Animal tests to assess venom toxicity and neutralization by antivenoms, particularly the mouse lethality assay, are associated with pain and distress, which may last for prolonged time intervals, as has been shown for crude venoms ( 94), and purified myotoxic PLA 2s ( 95) and hemorrhagic SVMPs ( 96). The algogenic effect of venoms is due to the action of venom peptides and proteins that directly activate nociceptive (pain sensing) neural pathways, as well as by the action of endogenous inflammatory mediators released in tissues as a consequence of venom actions, which stimulate nociceptive receptors in neurons ( 94, 97). Despite the evident suffering induced in laboratory animals when assessing venom toxicity and neutralization by antivenoms, the scientific community in Toxinology, as well as antivenom manufacturers, have been slow at introducing interventions aimed at refining these tests with the use of analgesia. One reason might be the possibility that analgesia affects the results of the tests, although this assumption has not received experimental support. Hence, it is time to consider the routine use of precautionary analgesia in these tests, along the lines indicated by the WHO ( 5). According to the study, furthermore, the extract neutralised the degradation of the Bbeta chain of human fibrinogen and indirect hemolysis caused by venom. It was also observed that the extract exerted a moderate effect on the clotting time, prolonging it only to a small extent. Edema, hemorrhage and myotoxic effects including lethality, induced by venom were neutralised significantly when different doses of the extract were pre-incubated with venom before the assays. On the other hand, animals that received extract 10 minutes after the injection of venom were protected from venom induced toxicity. Another study published in the Journal Ethnopharmacology has demonstrated the effect of Annona senegalensis root bark extracts on Naja nigricotlis nigricotlis venom in rats. Interestingly, one of the first recorded uses of venom as a treatment was described by a Roman historian in 37 BCE when it was used to treat a fast bleeding sword wound to the leg. A small amount of venom from the Steppe Viper was used to coagulate the blood and save the man from bleeding out. Ingredients such as the key ingredient in many anti-wrinkle injections, derived from the bacteria known to cause Botulism, have been used in the skincare industry with success. How Does Syn-ake Work?

Fractions of the hydro alcoholic extracts from the callus of Sapindus saponaria (Sapindaceae) partially inhibited the lethality, phospholipase, clotting, edema, hemorrhagic, and myotoxic activities produced by Bothrops jararacussu, Bothrops moojeni, Bothrops alternates, and Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms along with isolated myotoxins and phospholipase A2 (PLA 2)

Snake venom antiserum or AVS has administration problem, the exact dosage is also a current problem. AVS administration is often associated with hypersensitivity reactions (early and late), which need further medical attention.

There are various medicinal plants, which have been used in folk and traditional medicines against snakebites especially among the Fulani herdsmen of Northern Nigeria. But till date no such drugs are available in the market, which possess anti snake venom activity.

The researchers noted: “The potency of the methanol extract of the root bark of the plant was tested against cobra (Naja nigricotlis nigricotlis Wetch) venom in rats. The extract was also tested on brine shrimp (Artemia saline Leach). Seed extract of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) used in Nigerian communities offer significant protection to cardiac muscle tissue and blood vessels, and even protects against the lethality produced by venoms from Naja kaouthia, Naja nivea, and Calloselasma rhodostoma. This protection can be explained from the presence of a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that the pathophysiology of many envenomings derives not only from the direct action of toxins on tissues, but also from endogenous processes in the organism, such as inflammatory cascades resultant of the action of toxins or the generation of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from affected tissues, which contribute to the pathophysiological alterations ( 9, 10). Thus, the study of snake venom composition and mechanisms of action, and the identification of the main toxins responsible for the predominant toxicological effects provide relevant information for the knowledge-based design of alternative in vitro assays that correlate with in vivo toxicity tests. Assessment of Antivenom Neutralizing Efficacy at Different Stages During the Manufacturing Process José María Gutiérrez 1* Mariángela Vargas 1 Álvaro Segura 1 María Herrera 1 Mauren Villalta 1 Gabriela Solano 1 Andrés Sánchez 1 Cristina Herrera 2 Guillermo León 1